United States and the Instrumentalization of Counternarcotics Assistance in Latin America: From the Cold War to Strategic Competition with China
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Abstract
This article examines U.S. counternarcotics assistance to Latin America as a device for geopolitical intervention, militarization, and capital accumulation along three axes: 1) characterizing such assistance as a mechanism of imperialism and dependency; 2) its institutional and financial architecture; and 3) the discourse of the “war on drugs” within the context of U.S.–China competition, particularly in light of the emergence of fentanyl as a threat to global security. The findings draw on the official ForeignAssistance.gov database— which centralizes information on U.S. foreign assistance— together with government documents, scholarly literature, and journalistic sources. Beyond prohibitionism, the "war on drugs" has functioned as a geopolitical instrument to consolidate U.S. control in the region by promoting militarized security models.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Tamara Lajtman, Christian Arias, Aníbal García
CC BY-NC-SA. This license allows sharing, copying, distributing, performing, and publicly communicating the work, as well as creating derivative works.
Author Biographies
Tamara Lajtman (Universidad de Santiago de Chile)
Postdoctoral researcher at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile. She holds a PhD in Social Sciences from the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), a Master’s degree in Latin American Studies from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), and a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences from the Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro (UFRJ). She is a researcher in training at the Instituto de Estudios de América Latina y el Caribe (IEALC/UBA), a member of the Research Nucleus “Geopolitics, Regional Integration, and the World System” (GIS, UFRJ/CNPq), and a member of the Working Groups “Geopolitics, Regional Integration, and the World System” and “United States Studies” of the Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO).
Christian Arias Barona (Universidad de Buenos Aires)
Doctoral fellow at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and researcher at the Instituto de Estudios de América Latina y el Caribe (IEALC-UBA). He holds a Master’s degree in National Defense from the Universidad de la Defensa Nacional (UNDEF) and a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science. He teaches Latin American Critical Theory in the Sociology program at the UBA He is a member of the Working Group “Armed Forces, Defense, and Democracy in Latin America” at the Centro Cultural de la Cooperación Floreal Gorini.
Aníbal García Fernández (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)
PhD, a Master’s degree, and a Bachelor’s degree in Latin American Studies from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). He is a member of the Working Groups “Crisis and World Economy” and “Violence in Central America” of the Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO).
Funding data
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Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
Grant numbers programa Fondecyt de Postdoctorado n.º 3240088, “Estados Unidos ante la incidencia de China y Rusia en los asuntos de seguridad de América Latina y el Caribe (2010-2023)”.

