Venezuelan Onward Migration from South America to Spain: Right to Escape and Precarious Citizenship in Contexts of Restrictive Migration Policies, 2015-2025
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Abstract
Over the past decade, South America has tightened its policies toward Venezuelan migration: it has shifted from reception programs to systems characterized by greater control, selectivity, and precariousness. This article analyzes how these changes redirected Venezuelan migration patterns toward Spain from a critical perspective that engages with the concept of the right to flee. The research adopts a comparative approach based on documentary and regulatory analysis, a review of specialized literature, official statistics, and 69 semi-structured interviews with Venezuelans who re-emigrated to Spain after initially residing in Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Colombia. It is estimated that about 25% of Venezuelans living in Spain are the result of secondary migration linked to job insecurity, xenophobia, and limitations in regularization mechanisms. The study concludes that re-emigration demonstrates migrants' capacity to reconfigure their trajectories and geographies of belonging and rights.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Jhonny Alexander Castro Trujillo
CC BY-NC-SA. This license allows sharing, copying, distributing, performing, and publicly communicating the work, as well as creating derivative works.
Author Biography
Jhonny Alexander Castro Trujillo (Universidad Pablo de Olavide)
He holds a Ph.D. in Migration Studies from Pablo de Olavide University (Spain), a master’s degree in Public Management from the Institute of Higher National Studies of Ecuador, a specialization in Government and Public Policy, and a bachelor’s degree in Political and Administrative Sciences from the Central University of Venezuela. He has more than twenty years of experience in the public sector and academic administration. His research focuses on public migration policies, human mobility, and state-society relations. He has published in academic journals in Venezuela, Spain, Brazil, and Ecuador. In 2026, he received an honorable mention for his studies on Spanish migration.

